Federalism also in this manner, preserves cultures of the minorities from being drowned in the ocean of the cultures of the majorities. The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. This notwithstanding, the concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. So, what are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Federalism, State creation and National Integration State creation like federal character, quota system, etc. /Width 371 2. However, the practice of fiscal federalism in Nigeria is a negation of true federalism. >> +roiF9_? AK ku nh4P9\ }}31Ik "V mk@G~ . Biafrans who are geographically in the South and SouthEast of Ni-geria feel and believe that their economic and developmental prowess are not well represented in the Nigerian state, and this lack of representation leads to marginalization. Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Voter Turnout, Voting Behavior and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria By Professor Sakah Saidu Mahmud Kwara State University, Malete 1. Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. It represents a synthetic between two perspectiveneess; one is that politics of the United States should produce the good commonwealth and the other is that the principal task of politics is to create an open political market. More so, the colonial masters with the Richards Constitution in 1947 launched Nigeria onto the path of the present federal system of government via the regionalization of the country. The Hausa Fulani and the Minorities feared the domination of political powers by the Igbos and Yorubas. Thus, federalism is mostly considered a tangible element for coexistence, but much more, I think, as political syrup, for adumbrating potent dislocations inherent in, and symptomatic of pluralist societies. More importantly, certain heavy but blurred (or fluid) terminologies that define or designate Nigerias federal principle, which are highly pertinent to coexistence, have yet compounded the theoretical and practical significance of federalism in Nigeria. In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. On the other hand; a constitution is unitary when there are created by the law made by the central legislature and their existence depends upon the government to control, supervision of the central government. Nigeria can be said to be operating the federal system of government, whereas in actual practice, the country is tending towards a unitary system. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard, when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. POL 124 MAIN CONTENT Mar 21, 2011 NEW (1), Resource Control, Federalism and Peace in the Niger Delta: A Reflection on Nigeria at Fifty, Federalism and Revenue Allocation in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation of the Derivation Principle, Legal Framework for Fiscal Federalism: Issues and Options for Reform, RESOURCE CONTROL, REVENUE ALLOCATION AND PETROLEUM POLITICS IN NIGERIA: THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Issues and Challenges, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, Federalism, Democracy and Constitutionalism: The Nigerian Experience. SjHw`d"*z;3N&W3k]:}N\t+5 (Nw3hW"T"aDV$V e. From the above explanation, one can rightly say that the constitution of Nigeria and United States of America are federal constitutions while the constitution of France and the Republic of Ireland are Unitary constitutions. As I have already explained, Nigeria is an amalgamation of three different regions with beliefs and customs. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. /Contents 4 0 R Northern Cameroons should remain with Northern Nigeria but Southern Cameroon should be granted autonomy with a legislature of its own. The political parties involved in the first republic were more formed on a regional basis. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? Reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria include: 1. Reasons for a state to adopt a federal system include the need to reflect linguistic, economic and cultural differences of a population, especially one that is concentrated geographically. Useful tips on how to download from YouTube using SS, 10 most delicious Nigerian dishes for dinner, "Youve admitted election was flawed", Atiku replies Tinubu campaign, Whitney Adeyemi: Protest Hits Lagos as Residents Besiege Chrisland School, Long Fulani tribal braids: 30 beautiful styles to try out, Old Naira notes: 5 key things to know about Supreme Court's final verdict, "Precious don finish work": Little girl with 'anointing' prays passionately over food as mum watches, video trends. . No doubt, the Ethnic, Religious and Geographical nature of Nigeria also contributed to the reason why federalism was adopted. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government . examines the question on why federalism has not succeeded in managing and accommodating diversity in Nigeria. /Filter /FlateDecode %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz Nigeria as a nation has succeeded in commanding influence among member states by the virtue of its size. All rights reserved. Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, The politics and problem of fiscal federalism and revenue allocation formula in Nigeria: Who should get what, how, when and why, Resource Control: a Necessary Element for True Federalism in Nigeria, THE IMPACT OF STATE JOINT LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT ON STATE LOCAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA, MEMORANDUM ON TRUE FEDERALISM SUBMITTED BY THE 'RESTRUCTURE NIGERIA' COMMUNITY AS A RESPONSE TO THE APC COMMITTEE CALL ON TRUE FEDERALISM, THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES The Legal Framework for the Corporate Existence of Nigeria, Intricacies and paradoxes federalism and secessionism in Nigeria.pdf, Civic Education Curriculum Implementation, NIGERIAN FEDERALISM AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: PURSUIT, PROSPECTS AND IMPEDIMENTS TO UNITY AND NATION BUILDING, Constitutions Making, Amendments, Reviews and Nigerias Political Development: Again, in 1967 twelve states were created to appease the interest of those clamoring for states and weaken the geo-political holds of Biafra. Therefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. According to Ayoade (2009:iii): Nigerians have come to identify the first republic 1960- 66 as the golden age of federalism in Nigeria. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Defence, Security, Economy and Development, Chigozirim Odinkalu, Ebenebe Ernest Onyeka, Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies (eJECS), International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS), Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration. Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. Required fields are marked *. is one of the devices built into the federal constitution of Nigeria as a means of achieving unity in diversity. The chief architect of this theory is Riker. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. |4-Iv Federalism: Federal Features in the Colonial State." A chronology of critical events in Nigeria's political development from the adoption of a federal system in 1954 to the present is provided in Table 1. Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. /Length 14727 2. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Payment Details. /BitsPerComponent 8 Before the amalgamation of the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate in 1914, there was nothing like Nigeria. Manages And Maintains And Secures Nigeria. 1 Issue 2, BETWEEN THE PRISMS OF NECESSITY AND LEGALITY - THE IPOB PROSCRIPTION IN CONTESTATION_pp.43-57, RE-THINKING BIAFRA IDEOLOGY OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN NIGERIA, A (UN)JUST AND (UN)HOLY WAR? It argues that although deficient in popular sovereignty, the Constitutions legitimacy is moot since it is the operative law that governs the country. Multi-Ethnicity Nigeria is a country with a lot of ethnic groups. Now, because the level of the development of the productive forces was still at a rudimentary stage, the pervasiveness of commodity relations was equally at a low level. However, that is not so in a federal government system. 2013 PP.100-107, This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of imbalance political structures that were established before and after independence. Here, the Attorney General of the Federation Instituted the case to test the true position so that the federal government would be guided on the varying issues of derivation formula. This book was released on 2022-09-16 with total page 197 pages. The 1951 constitution gave more strength to regionalism with the creation of two chamber legislation in the northern and western Nigeria. /F2 9 0 R RESTRUCTURE OR DISINTEGRATE, OFFICIAL CORRUPTION AND THE DILEMA OF INSTABILITY IN NIGERIA, The Rationale for AfSol in Peace and Security: The Global, National and Regional Precipitants, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Giving Peace a Chance in Nigeria: The Case for a Preventive Diplomacy, Framing of Neo-Biafra Agitations in Selected Nigerian Newspapers, CRISES OF FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE FUTURE OF THE MIDDLE BELT REGION, Social Media and Hate Speech: Analysis of Comments on Biafra Agitations, Nigeria. Such arrangement would inter alia breed neglect, frustration and aggression; no thanks to the red-tape inherent in unitarism. /F3 12 0 R "There are reasons why some nation-states opt for federalism. The current problems facing the Nigeria government and the Biafra separatist agitators originate in the causes and the effects of the Nigerian Civil war (06 July 1967-15 January 1970). The British in their quest for economic wealth and geo-political edges over other Europeans in Africa made Nigeria the largest British colony in Africa. Olawale Olaopa, Ibikunle Ogundari, Mike Awoleye and Willie Siyanbola, Nigeria Quasi Federalism: An Obstacle To Peace And Development In Nigeria, FEDERAL BALANCING IN NIGERIA: A PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY, DECENTRALIZING PUBLIC SECTOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF FEDERAL PRACTICE IN NIGERIA, The National Assembly, Constitution Amendment and Civil Society Expectations, True Federalism in Nigeria: A Political Discourse, Re-regionalization and Fiscal Federalism: The Panacea for Accelerated National Development in Nigeria, REPORT OF NIGERIA'S 2014 NATIONAL DIALOGUE, Politics, Power. This has led to a deep sense of alienation and politics of ethnic identity. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. This paper consequently argues that the anxiety as well as angst attributable to this agitation has the tendencies of not only disrupting the relative-peace presently enjoyed by the various groups, but is also, if not controlled, capable of plunging the country into a state of economic comatose and perpetual fragility. 3l:rmO"XDhG%2| Reasons For The Adoption Of Federalism In Nigeria. /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB MCC Vol 2 No 1 Article 04.pdf, GJ #2018, 2, Globalization and Federation in Peril: Renewed Agitations for Statehood and the Future of Nigerian State, by A. M. Maigari and U. Dantani, GLOBALIZATION AND FEDERATION IN PERIL: RENEWED AGITATIONS FOR STATEHOOD AND THE FUTURE OF NIGERIAN STATE, RESTRUCTURING NIGERIA: BEYOND POLITICAL RHETORIC AND THE MORAL PANIC, PDF copy of Published paper on Agitation and restructuring.pdf, ESSAYS ON RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION AS A PEREMPTORY NORM AND THE LIMITATION IN EXERCISING THAT RIGHT.pdf, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Legal Aid Journal of Legal Issues Vol. It means that the sovereign unit (Centre) and local units . 33 The Marriage Act, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990, sec 18 specifically stipulates: "If either party to an intended marriage, not being a Consent widower or widow, is under twenty-one years of age, the written consent of the father, or if he be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the mother, or if both be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the . Nigeria and Ghana can not easily form a country chiefly because they are not geographically contiguous. Also see: Reasons why lawyers wear wigs to court, Origin and nature of federalism in Nigeria. Notwithstanding the above reasons for the adoption of Nigerian federalism, we can also mention some specific factors peculiar to Nigeria. The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. This simply means that federalism in Nigeria provides accommodation, an institutional arrangement which gives the component units equal and coordinate jural status. /F7 24 0 R Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), Abstract: The Nigeria civil war (1967-1970) provoked by declaration of Biafra republic had indelible imprint on Nigeria state. Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. It was subsequently, not until after the American constitution of 1787, that a new concept of federalism was introduced. We hope to seeing you again on other posts of interest. Meaningful studies, especially the comparative study of Vile, have significantly shown that emerging challenges of conflict, cooperation and competition amongst levels of government in classical federalist states such as U.S., Canada and Australia, are important rationales for federating as well as the hallmarks of federal government (Vile, cited in Jinadu, 1979). The fear of marginalization by the minority in a unitary system of government has, to a great extent, influenced the majority state support for federating states. s" Problems of Nigerian Federalism 1) Revenue Allocation: This has been a problem in Nigeria. Full History of Nigerian Federalism. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Abstract One of the arguments for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the desire for economic and political viability and development in a nation of uneven distribution of human and. It advocates good governance and a participatory approach to constitutional review as the foundations for strong constitutionalism in Nigeria. The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, the agreement that governed the 13 colonies and was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War . From that date, the concept of federalism incorporated the idea of patterned contact at two levels: at the governmental level between the participating units, and among the citizens of these different units (Dare, 1979:26). reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf. (Tanzi, 1996). Have you ever wondered why Nigeria is practicing a federal system of government and not any other system? Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting both fancied and real fear of domination among the minorities. We appreciate you. As at the time of independence, the population of Nigeria was estimated at 45.21 million. This embodies ideas of promise, obligation, and undertaking; and consequently, the federal idea draws on collaboration, reciprocity, and mutuality. 2) The Problem of Minorities: In Nigeria, there are majority groups and minority groups. The Plural nature of Nigeria. In light of this, a constitution is said to be federal when its operates two levels of government, that is the federal and state, and each of this level exercise its different powers without interference by the other level. This regional arrangement gave rise to ethnic sentiment and political struggle for the center among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. By the time Nigeria became a republic, the system of federalism was adopted and the country was considered as a federation of three regions. Also read: Highest paying law firms in Nigeria. The calls for restructuring have been louder particularly from the southern part of Nigeria. of diversities helps in a nations decision to adopt the aggregative or disaggregative type of federalism. %PDF-1.5 By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. This type of government is also known as a "federation" or a "federal state" in common parlance (eg., United States of America). stream This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. /Length 3884 The post war efforts for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the Igbo secessionist into the post-civil war Nigeria through the (3Rs) policy of rehabilitation, reconstruction and reconciliation (the 3Rs) to promote national unity and nationalism have failed to yield desire result. THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. In my view, federalism is a good system for Nigeria. It should be noted that the Federal Military Government had earlier by fiat taken proceeds from offshore prospecting and drilling activities directly under federal eminent domain. Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. Federalism can be defined as a system of government in which political powers of the state are shared between the central government and other component units. Nigeria did not choose federal system of government because it is the best or most practiced system of government in the world. The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. The constitution must be rigid to avoid frequent and unnecessary changes. 3 0 obj There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation << Unity of the country: 3.3 3. The paper contends that unitary federalism in Nigeria is an imposition and extension of colonial and military entrenched inequalities in the Nigerian state. Asst. Levoluzione del federalismo nigeriano tra conflitti etnici e transizioni democratiche. All attempts to solve these problems over the years have failed. For citation see: http://www.cejiss.org/issue-detail/biafra-s-resurgence-state-failure-insecurity-and-separatist-agitations-in-nigeria. Another cogent reason for federalism in Nigeria is the fear of marginalization. However, it is also fact that since independence Nigeria has promulgated several constitutions and that if Nigeria wanted an alternative system of government, she could have opted for it. >> Keywords: Civil war, Secession, Self-determination, Nationalism and Restructuring, This work critically examines the issues undermining the unification of Nigeria, using indicators and concepts including failed state, separatist agitation and insecurity. Post-independence creation of states and further division of states created after independence was done as a framework for the development of Nigeria. This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of Critically, after that train, every other train went to Nigeria from Nigeria, indicating the enormity of the wall of enmity demarcating Nigeria from the sovereign State of Biafra. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Very often, the problem has appeared in twofold. It also decided that the Public . we are proud to nigeria our inherited country,god bless nigeria. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ So majority if not all of them were in favor of a federalist system of governance. This understanding is also in tune with that of Jinadu (1979:15), who insists that Federalism is usually viewed as a form of governmental and institutional structure, deliberately designed by political architects, to cope with the twin but difficult task of maintaining unity while also preserving diversity. It is no news, therefore, that the peoples of Nigeria are diverse in different respects culturally, historically, socially, religiously, educationally, industriously, and even philosophically. welcome, and thanks for reading us. Federalism is a defined or is said to be the system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere coordinate and are independent. by the federal or any state government. In Nigerian democracy, there is a federalist system of government. It is not surprising that Nigeria in its 55 years of political sojourn has tried different forms of federalism. In his judgment, Ogundare JSC agreed that the provisions to Sections 162(2) of the constitution re-stabilized the principle of derivation. In the words of Richards, regionalism was introduced to strengthen unity in diversity. There are other political systems the country could have adopted but because of some reasons which I am going to share with you today, federalism seemed to be the best idea. Moreover, Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. The Evolution, Development and Practice of Federalism in Nigeria Charas Madu Tella, Ahmed Wali Doho, Aliyu Bapeto Abstract Federalism is a political philosophy in which members of a group are. Adobe d C % This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. *$( %2%(,-/0/#484.7*./. C /Parent 2 0 R The fear of ethnic groups overlapping regional boundaries and the loyalties of castes cutting of some extent across provincial political boundaries also encourage some groups to support wider federal unions. In developing countries like India, Iraq and Nigeria, federalism has either failed to close developmental gaps and ethno-communal tensions among various states or, more worryingly, in some. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. Thus, federalism seemed to be the only option left for Nigeria because it allows for popular participation in government. It is important to also reason that small states are prone to domination and sometimes control by the big ones. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation facing challenges within the balance of economic development along ethnic divisions in society. Federalism was further adopted because the developed countries from which Nigeria borrowed democracy practice federalism. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] In Nigeria, there are different and distinct ethnic groups brought together by colonization. Ethnic, Religious and Geographical Factor 3.5 5. Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. Journal of public administration and Management Vol.6,No.12, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Another important factor that necessitated federalism in Nigeria was the political culture of the country. Nigeria has been dubbed as a product of British colonial suturing. The regional government had power over matters that are listed under the residual list. Federalism as a system of government which is meant to help to advance good governance and development of a multi-ethnic and big country like Nigeria.
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