Describe the short loop negative feedback controls of prolactin. Research suggests that melatonin plays other important roles in the body beyond sleep. Prolactin follows diurnal and ovulatory cycles. FOIA Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates growth and regulates metabolism. Careers. 2021 Jan;10(1):130-142. doi: 10.21037/gs-20-569. Right on! Sex steroids at the time of puberty. Contrast the anterior and posterior pituitary lobes with respect to innervation. -- beta subunit aa accounts for different biological actions. 1973 Oct;93(4):767-76. doi: 10.1210/endo-93-4-767. The structure of prolactin is similar to that of growth hormone and placental lactogen. Binds to receptors on somatotroph cells of ant. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Rates of prolactin production varied from 6.6 to 12 microg/mg cell protein per 24 hr in four different cell strains. WebProlactin As its name implies, prolactin (PRL) promotes lactation (milk production) in women. Full lactation requires the actions of estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, GH and insulin. Fukuda T, Tanaka T, Hamaguchi Y, Kawanami T, Nomiyama T, Yanase T. PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164131. G H is best known for WebEvidence implicating prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) in the regulation of the immune system has been reviewed. Explain why oil and water do not mix. IGF-2 acts in a paracrine fashion in the tissue to increase protein synthesis, RNA synthesis and DNA synthesis resulting in an increase in cell size and number. The hormones vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin are released by. How does the formation of the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland relate to their anatomical connections to the hypothalamus? Acta Pharmacol Sin. The tissue culture and pituitary extracted hormones were eluted from Sephadex G-100 with the same partition coefficients. Oxytocin. Pituitary dwarfism - GH deficiency in children WebThe hormones oxytocin and vasopressin (also known as ADH) are secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary. pituitary to stimulate the release of GH. What 2 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary are single chain proteins? [71], The following table illustrates variability in reference ranges of serum prolactin between some commonly used assay methods (as of 2008), using a control group of healthy health care professionals (53 males, age 2064 years, median 28 years; 97 females, age 1959 years, median 29 years) in Essex, England:[70]. In cases of hypercortisolism due to a pituitary tumor, hypersecretion of POMC peptides results in an increase in skin pigmentation due to abundance of MSH sequences. Prolactin, growth hormone, and epidermal growth factor activate Stat5 in different compartments of mammary tissue and exert different and overlapping developmental effects. Describe the chemical structure of the hypothalamic hormones. Describe the chemical structure of the anterior pituitary hormones. Oxytocin facilitates childbirth and official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) act by way of their receptors as either hormones (systemically) or cytokines (locally). The greatest effect is manifest before and during puberty. 5.) The serum prolactin level usually rises following an epileptic seizure. Diabetes mellitus has 2 types. Prolactin levels peak during REM sleep and in the early morning. 4.) Gualtieri A, Kyprianou N, Gregory LC, Vignola ML, Nicholson JG, Tan R, Inoue SI, Scagliotti V, Casado P, Blackburn J, Abollo-Jimenez F, Marinelli E, Besser REJ, Hgler W, Karen Temple I, Davies JH, Gagunashvili A, Robinson ICAF, Camper SA, Davis SW, Cutillas PR, Gevers EF, Aoki Y, Dattani MT, Gaston-Massuet C. Nat Commun. WebA prolactinoma is a type of pituitary tumor (adenoma) that produces an excessive amount of the hormone prolactin. and transmitted securely. Antidiuretic effects: [6][7], Discovered in non-human animals around 1930 by Oscar Riddle[8] and confirmed in humans in 1970 by Henry Friesen,[9] prolactin is a peptide hormone, encoded by the PRL gene. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. 1.) Neurogenic stimuli are the main regulators of oxytocin. [33], Analogous to its effects on hair growth and shedding in mammals, prolactin in birds controls the moulting of feathers,[34] as well as the age at onset of feathering in both turkeys and chickens. Osmolarity (Na+ concentration) of plasma is the main regulatory factor of ADH. MeSH It also plays a role in fertility. [41] Breast and other tissues may express the Pit-1 promoter in addition to the distal promoter. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. 1973 Dec;82(3):401-9. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1040820310. 2005 Mar;20(3):313-8. doi: 10.1007/s00467-004-1713-8. WebIdentify the two hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus but stored and released by the posterior pituitary. Your central nervous system , immune system , uterus Oxytocin has isoleucine & leucine at positions 3 & 8. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Activation also results in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and Src kinase. What are the 6 hypothalamic neuronhormones? Describe the chemical structure of the posterior pituitary hormones. - ADH affects the vasculature for which it receives the name vasopressin. 2021 May 28;13(11):2662. doi: 10.3390/cancers13112662. Estrogen and progesterone inhibit the stimulatory effects of prolactin on milk production. -- sialic acid - acts as a protective coating and prevents degradation Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Stimulation by hydrocortisone. Hypophysectomized animals have deficiencies in Somatomedin 1 (IGF-1): stimulates collagen synthesis, protein synthesis, and cell proliferation in chondrocytes of bone. WebProlactin (PRL), also known as lactotropin, is a protein best known for its role in enabling mammals to produce milk. Liver: WebThe hormones oxytocin and vasopressin (also known as ADH) are secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary. What is the difference between diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus? Most are released in bursts every one to three hours, alternating between periods of activity and inactivity. [39], Vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine isoleucine help to regulate prolactin secretion in humans, but the functions of these hormones in birds can be quite different.[42]. Describe the functions of "milk let down" actions of oxytocin. Prolactin promotes neurogenesis in maternal and fetal brains. The anterior pituitary secretory cells produce 6 different hormones. d. middle. Endocrinology. Augmented Growth Hormone Secretion and Stat3 Phosphorylation in an Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Interacting Protein (AIP)-Disrupted Somatotroph Cell Line. Its primary function is to produce milk. ADH and oxytocin are synthesized in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, respectively. The site is secure. A possible role for prolactin", "The role of prolactin in fish reproduction", "Association of polymorphisms for prolactin and prolactin receptor genes with broody traits in chickens", "Prolactin and Its Receptor Are Expressed in Murine Hair Follicle Epithelium, Show Hair Cycle-Dependent Expression, and Induce Catagen", "Prolactin Signaling Influences the Timing Mechanism of the Hair Follicle: Analysis of Hair Growth Cycles in Prolactin Receptor Knockout Mice", "Human scalp hair follicles are both a target and a source of prolactin, which serves as an autocrine and/or paracrine promoter of apoptosis-driven hair follicle regression", "Functionally reciprocal mutations of the prolactin signalling pathway define hairy and slick cattle", "Convergent Evolution of Slick Coat in Cattle through Truncation Mutations in the Prolactin Receptor", "Early and late feathering in turkey and chicken: same gene but different mutations", "Extrapituitary prolactin: distribution, regulation, functions, and clinical aspects", "Prolactin in man: a tale of two promoters", "III. 8600 Rockville Pike Prolactin Prolactinomas are the most common type of hormonally-active pituitary tumor. Type 2 usually onsets in adulthood. It stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk (lactation): increased serum concentrations of prolactin during pregnancy cause enlargement of the mammary glands and prepare for milk production, which normally starts when levels of progesterone fall by the end of pregnancy and a suckling stimulus is present. Prolactin is a part of the cocktail of hormones in pregnancy. [60][62] It was determined that this preparation behaved anomalously in certain immunoassays and was not suitable as an IS. [61][62][63][64], The first International Reference Preparation (or IRP) of human Prolactin for Immunoassay was established in 1978 (75/504 1st IRP for human prolactin) at a time when purified human prolactin was in short supply. Contrast the anterior and posterior pituitary lobes with respect to cell types. LH stimulates production of testosterone by the male testes. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. For example, normal growth requires not only GH, but also insulin, thyroxine and sex steroids. doi: 10.1128/MCB.00651-17. Follicle-stimulating (FSH) Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) Prolactin Growth Careers. Would you like email updates of new search results? Describe the formation of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland during embryonic development. Select the answer that correctly completes each statement. GROWTH HORMONE & PROLACTIN Prajjwal 20PPC013 M. Pharma (Pharmacology) 2. Binds to receptors on gonadotroph cells of ant. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. WebBoth PRL and GH stimulate the secretion of thymulin, a thymic hormone produced by thymic epithelial cells. Describe the formation of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland during embryonic development. So why is an oil molecule so attracted to another oil molecule, but not to water? Effects of colchicine and 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine-methane-sulfonate (CB 154) on the release of prolactin and growth hormone by functional pituitary tumor cells in culture. WebThe two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland are oxytocin and vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone. 2018 May-Jun;63(3):241-245. doi: 10.4103/ijd.IJD_590_17. WebENDOCRINOLOGY 358 Clinical Presentation Symptoms Decreased libido Hot flashes if testosterone loss is sudden Signs Sparse facial and body hair Gynecomastia Small penis, prostate, and testes Related conditions Infertility Osteoporosis If hypogonadal during adolescence, may have complete failure of sexual maturation Absence of growth spurt, This review focuses on the most recent advances in the field of PRL/GH signal transduction. 1n: Kronenberg HM, Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, eds. The result is an increase in volume and a decrease in the osmolarity of the blood. Which hormones are produced and released by posterior pituitary gland? Treatment of diabetes insipidus is ADH which provides rapid relief. Hydrocortisone (3 x 10 (-6)M), which stimulated the production of growth hormone 4- to You do not currently have access to this article. Which picture represents the result at the higher temperature? WebProlactin (PRL) and Its Receptor: Actions, Signal Transduction Pathways and Phenotypes Observed in PRL Receptor Knockout Mice Christine Bole-Feysot, Christine Bole-Feysot B. The cell bodies of the neurons in the hypothalamus produce releasing/inhibiting hormones that are transported via the portal vein vascular system to the anterior pituitary to either stimulate or inhibit the release of certain hormones. It binds to corticotroph receptors in anterior pituitary to stimulate the release of ACTH & Beta-endorphin. Preproopiomelanocortin (POMC) is a large polypeptide with a MW of 31,000 (265 aa). [75] The D2 receptor is involved in the regulation of prolactin secretion, and agonists of the receptor such as bromocriptine and cabergoline decrease prolactin levels while antagonists of the receptor such as domperidone, metoclopramide, haloperidol, risperidone, and sulpiride increase prolactin levels. Several established clonal strains of rat pituitary cells which produce growth hormone in culture have been shown to secrete a second protein hormone, prolactin. In addition to the protease systems, invasive trophoblasts also make protein hormones, WebDopamine (a brain chemical) and estrogen (a hormone) control prolactin production and release from your pituitary gland. Rico-Bautista E, Negrn-Martnez C, Novoa-Mogolln J, Fernndez-Perez L, Flores-Morales A. Exp Cell Res. [67][68][69] However, different assays and methods for measuring prolactin are employed by different laboratories and as such the serum reference range for prolactin is often determined by the laboratory performing the measurement. The .gov means its official. Enter your library card number to sign in. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. WebENDOCRINOLOGY 358 Clinical Presentation Symptoms Decreased libido Hot flashes if testosterone loss is sudden Signs Sparse facial and body hair Gynecomastia Small 3.) It also stimulates osteogenesis, which is the formation of bone. GH controls synthesis of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1, also called somatomedin-C), which largely controls growth. Vasopressor effect: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and growth hormone. 6.) The posterior lobe is an out-pocketing of the hypothalamus and connected via neural tissue. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. WebProlactin is a polypeptide hormone produced by pituitary lactotroph cells. Extracellular Vesicles: From Bone Development to Regenerative Orthopaedics. Web_______________ hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates growth of muscle and bone throughout the body. Hypoprolactinemia can result from hypopituitarism, excessive dopaminergic action in the tuberoinfundibular pathway and ingestion of D2 receptor agonists such as bromocriptine. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Growth Hormone The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the It is influential in over 300 separate processes in various Webintrauterine growth retardation27. Explain the effects of GH on protein metabolism. Conversely, addition of simple acid extracts of several tissues, including hypothalamus, to the medium of all strains increased the rate of production of prolactin six to nine times and decreased growth hormone production by about 50%. 1965 Sep;77(3):563-73 Downregulation of the growth hormone-induced Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 signaling pathway requires an intact actin cytoskeleton. ingestion of protein (aa, esp. When the hormones are indistinguishable, as in the case of growth hormone, it becomes worthwhile to increase the scale of tissue culture production, with the prospect that tissue culture may serve as a source of hormone for both experimental and therapeutic use. b. during The anterior pituitary is innervated via neurons in the hypothalamus. [53], Prolactin receptors are present in the mammillary glands, ovaries, pituitary glands, heart, lung, thymus, spleen, liver, pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, uterus, skeletal muscle, skin and areas of the central nervous system. Indian J Dermatol. WebGrowth hormonereleasing hormone (GHRH) is the major stimulator and somatostatin is the major inhibitor of the synthesis and release of GH. Hemorrhage, reduced blood volume or decreased cardiac output increases ADH, whereas increased blood pressure decreases ADH. What are the 6 hormones produced by the secretory cells of the anterior pituitary? This article is also available for rental through DeepDyve. Prolactin is made by the pituitary gland, a pea-sized organ found at the base of the brain. Webfollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH): stimulates production of gametes and sex steroid hormones prolactin: stimulates mammary gland growth and milk production posterior pituitary: the following hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary This results in an increase in the linear growth of bones, especially the long bones in the arms and legs. [56], The serum concentration of prolactin can be given in mass concentration (g/L or ng/mL), molar concentration (nmol/L or pmol/L), or international units (typically mIU/L). We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. They are protein molecules that contain carbohydrate (CHO). Prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) are hormones/cytokines responsible for the coordination of a wide range of biological processes in vertebrates. stress (trauma, infection) 1.) - increase protein synthesis Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. An official website of the United States government. Also, why does oil mix so well with itself? 2004 Sep;15(9):2299-306. doi: 10.1097/01.ASN.0000137885.63580.92. It helps with the timing of your circadian rhythms (24-hour internal clock) and with sleep. Accessibility These signals are carried by nerve fibers through the spinal cord to the hypothalamus, where changes in the electrical activity of neurons that regulate the pituitary gland increase prolactin secretion. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. [36] Prolactin surges initiate the secretion of progesterone which maintains pregnancy and hence can initiate pseudopregnancy. TSH, FSH, LH are glycoproteins. FSH - follicle stimulating hormone It is released in equimolar concentrations with ACTH in stress situations and its analgesic effects help to cope with pain that might result from attach or injury. Willams textbook of endocrinology. 3.) [76] D2 receptor antagonists like domperidone, metoclopramide, and sulpiride are used as galactogogues to increase prolactin secretion in the pituitary gland and induce lactation in humans.[77]. ACTH - 39 aa peptide, MW: 4,500 A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. During pregnancy, high circulating concentrations of estrogen and progesterone increase prolactin levels by 10- to 20-fold. Effects of prebiotics on intestinal physiology, neuropsychological function, and exercise capacity of mice with sleep deprivation. This results in the accumulation of excess soft tissue and widening of bones leading to coarse features in the hands, feet, joints, jaws, brow ridges and nose. [39] The thyrotropin-releasing hormone and the vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulate the secretion of prolactin in experimental settings, however their physiological influence is unclear. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). It is also produced locally in a variety of extrapituitary tissues such as mammary glands, decidua, Extrapituitary production of prolactin is thought to be special to humans and primates and may serve mostly tissue-specific paracrine and autocrine purposes. 1997 Jan;2(1):7-17. doi: 10.1023/a:1026313211704. The portal veins transport releasing/inhibiting hormones that are produced by cell bodies of neurons locate din the hypothalamus. 1970 Nov-Dec;6(3):180-9. doi: 10.1007/BF02617762. Disclaimer. A fifth clonal strain produced growth hormone but no detectable prolactin. MeSH Follicle-stimulating (FSH) Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) Prolactin Growth This question hasn't been solved yet Ask an expert GH does not exert all of these actions alone, but has synergistic actions with other hormones. Prolactin is a hormone produced by a small gland at the base of the brain. In the liver, GH stimulates the production of somatomedins, which circulate in the blood to distant sites to mediate indirect actions of GH. Prolactinomas: Expert Care in Southern California The current IU is calibrated against the third International Standard for Prolactin, IS 84/500. Various drugs also influence the release of ADH. Which of the following hormones is not secreted by anterior pituitary? a. before 2.) ghrelin (stomach hormone produced during fasting) onset of sleep (circadian rhythm for GH) - increase RNA and DNA synthesis Prolactin As its name implies, prolactin (PRL) promotes lactation (milk production) in women. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Production of prolactin is controlled by two main hormones: dopamine and estrogen. The hypothalamic hormones control the synthesis and release of the anterior pituitary hormones. The vasopressor effect of ADH is to increase blood pressure, but this is only manifest in large doses or in response to hemorrhage. (Endocrinology100: 283, 1977). Botezatu D, Tovaru M, Georgescu SR, Leahu OD, Giurcaneanu C, Curici A. Growth hormone (GH) was first isolated in 1944, and the primary structures of bovine and ovine GHs were determined in early 1970s [1]. 8600 Rockville Pike This hormone is found in both genders and is also secreted by immune cells, skin, adipose tissue, breasts, and the uterus. These cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes, the cells responsible for the formation of myelin coatings on axons in the central nervous system. Hypersecretion is more common than hyposecretion. Do Prolactin and its Receptor Play a Role in Alopecia Areata? It has important cell cycle-related functions as a growth-, differentiating- and anti-apoptotic factor. Disclaimer. In usual circumstances, in the absence of galactorrhea, lactation ceases within one or two weeks following the end of breastfeeding. An example of the use of the above table is, if using the Centaur assay to estimate prolactin values in g/L for females, the mean is 7.92g/L and the reference range is 3.3516.4g/L. FOIA What are the anti-insulin effects of GH on the muscle, liver, adipose tissue. This posterior pituitary is also responsible for storing these two hormones and releasing them into the blood when required. government site. What is the significance of the anatomical connections between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary versus the posterior pituitary? Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. 2.) Prolactin. Prenatally, two of its variants, hGH-V and human placental lactogen (hPL), produced by placental syncytiotrophoblasts, regulate fetal development together with The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The nonpurified hormones were characterized and compared to their respective counterparts obtained by extraction from normal pituitaries obtained at autopsy. Suppose the reaction is carried out at two temperatures as shown below. What are 3 factors that inhibit the release of GH? GH has a MW of 22,000 (191 aa). [21][22], In music psychology, it is conjectured that prolactin may play a role in the pleasurable perception of sad music, as the levels of the hormone increase when a person feels sad, producing a consoling psychological effect. 1RW5, 2Q98, 3D48, 3EW3, 3MZG, 3N06, 3N0P, 3NCB, 3NCC, 3NCE, 3NCF, 3NPZ, Prolactin (PRL), also known as lactotropin, is a protein best known for its role in enabling mammals to produce milk. It is produced in the neurosecretory cells of the - increase protein synthesis Bind to lactotroph cells on ant. The purposes of oxytocin include facilitating uterine contractions during labor, allowing for milk let down during breastfeeding, promoting social bonding, and moderating testosterone levels. This results in the activation of Janus kinase 2, a tyrosine kinase that initiates the JAK-STAT pathway. Weve got your back. GH stimulates chondrogenesis, which is the fomration of cartilage and extracellular matrix (chondroitin sulfate, collagen). On the basis of these investigations, 83/562 was established as the Second IS for human prolactin. -. -- alpha- subunit is essentially same Previous standards use other ratios. WebProlactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) act by way of their receptors as either hormones (systemically) or cytokines (locally). [73], Hypoprolactinemia, or serum prolactin deficiency, is associated with ovarian dysfunction in women,[65][66] and arteriogenic erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation,[67] oligozoospermia, asthenospermia, hypofunction of seminal vesicles and hypoandrogenism[68] in men. [3] The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones that play an important role in growth control. It is secreted heavily in pulses in between these events. Binds to thyrotroph cells on anterior pituitary -> release of TSH [35], In rodents, pseudopregnancy can occur when a female is mated with a sterile male. WebWhat are the 6 hormones produced by the secretory cells of the anterior pituitary? Pituitary prolactin secretion is regulated by endocrine neurons in the hypothalamus. Somatomedin 2 (IGF-2): GH stimulates the production of IGF-2 in many tissues. Cellosaurus - a cell line knowledge resource, Endocrinology. 2020 Apr;23(2):182-188. doi: 10.1007/s11102-019-01003-4. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. low levels of blood glucose Their basic structure is: alpha subunit + beta subunit + CHO + sialic acid. Preparation of a Growth Hormone Receptor/Prolactin Receptor Bispecific Antibody Antagonist Which Exhibited Anti-Cancer Activity. These factors influence GH by regulating production of GHRH and somatostatin by the hypothalamus. Significant heterogeneity of the molecule has been described, thus bioassays and immunoassays can give different results due to differing glycosylation, phosphorylation and sulfation, as well as degradation. 83/562 appeared to be the most stable. Its level increases because of high circulating levels of estrogen and progesterone. Hormones of the posterior pituitary include oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). It is the precursor for ACTH, MSH, Beta-lipotropin, and Beta-endorphin. Hyperprolactinemia can lead to galactorrhea, which is a spontaneous flow of milk from teh breast that is not associated with nursing. 2.) PMC pituitary -> release of prolactin, Bind to receptors on lactortoph cells of ant. National Library of Medicine 1966 Dec 2;154(3753):1186-9 When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. WebPromoting growth of maternal breast tissue (along with progesterone) and preparing the mother for lactation (breastfeeding). To promote skeletal growth and accumulation of a lean body mass. Explain the effects of GH on carbohydrate metabolism. In decidual cells and in lymphocytes the distal promoter and thus prolactin expression is stimulated by cAMP. Prolactin is available commercially for use in other animals, but not in humans. Question: _____ hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates growth of muscle and bone throughout The prefix meta- means: Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The overall effect is to increase skeletal muscle and lean body mass. Although IGF-1 is produced by many tissues, the liver is the major source. [57][60], General guidelines for diagnosing prolactin excess (hyperprolactinemia) define the upper threshold of normal prolactin at 25g/L for women and 20g/L for men. New evidence shows that suppressors, regulators, and degraders control Jak2/Stat5. The later action is most likely an indirect effect due to GH's lipolytic action to increase plasma FFAs. Prolactin El Tahlawi SM, El Eishi NH, Kahhal RK, Hegazy RA, El Hanafy GM, Abdel Hay RM, Shaker OG. As a growth factor, binding to cytokine-like receptors, it influences hematopoiesis and angiogenesis and is involved in the regulation of blood clotting through several pathways.