Oxford: Oxford University Press. (2005a). Thirdly and lastly, I will outline the implications that descriptive and substantive representation have on MEM representatives and voters, and the lessons learnt from studying Ngo as a MEM political representative. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the "what is" of a topic. Descriptive representation allows for adequate communication in contexts of mistrust What is the relate-ability benefit of Descriptive Representation People will be more likely to communicate more with someone with whom they share a racial identity. Martin, J. R. (1994). Various reforms such as the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Acts were implemented during the civil rights era as they helped promote greater inclusion and equity to, but not limited to, African Americans and Mexican-Americans. Princeton: Princeton University Press. There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in legislatures. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. Journal of Political Philosophy, 12(1), 119. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Second, this same information reveals to us when somebody is strange, or something improper is going on. Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. The current reservation system keeps 13% of vacancies in government sector reserved for SC, 7.5 % for ST and 27.5% for OBC. Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 1933. (1999). Pearl Necklace for Women, 18K Gold Staion Neckalce Tin Cup Pearl Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Galligan, Y. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. Purpose. While descriptive statistics are used to present raw data in an accurate way, inferential statistics are used to apply inferences derived from a data sample to the larger data population. It is widely used in Europe and has both advantages and disadvantages. "American Government", OpenStax, OpenStax; Rice University. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. (1996). Often times in American history, unselected natural characteristics such as race and ethnicity have served as keen factors permitting unequal treatment of individuals and at creating barriers placing minority groups at a disadvantage when attempting to practice influence over the government. Descriptive research is used to gain information about behavior. (2002). Michele L. Swers is associate professor of government at Georgetown University. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Organizing and providing relevant educational content, resources and information for students. This is a lesson from the tutorial, American Congress and you are encouraged to log In our current system, voters are given one vote to . 4. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip-tive representation most useful. 3. These descriptive The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). 1938). For example, raw numbers may show that people are more prone to a specific behavior, but an interview will explain why this behavior is occurring. The Great Compromise And The Basics Of Bicameralism, Senate Representation And House Apportionment, Summary of the Institutional Design of Congress, Types Of Representation: Looking Out For Constituents, Collective Representation And Congressional Approval, Summary of House and Senate Organizations, Continue With the Mobile App | Available on Google Play, https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/. (2001). List of the Cons of Proportional Representation 1. Plantenga, J., Remery, C., Figueiredo, H., & Smith, M. (2009). By conducting research and engaging with faculty and students at Harvard Kennedy School and beyond, the fellows enrich the intellectual life of the center. It is an Efficient Form of Government. Another argument in favor of descriptive research is that once information is assembled, there are many ways to apply it. Summarize a large amount of data in a visual, easily interpretable form Make trends easier to highlight than tables do it helps in studying patterns over long period of time it is used to compare data sets. The 114th Congress, which began in January 2015, had a historically large percentage of racial and ethnic minorities. Mansbridge, J. On the benefit side, intersectionality, welfare state and democratization seem to deliver several of the same goods as descriptive representation, raising the question of whether descriptive representation is at all recommendable, given what we know of its costliness. Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. It occurs when two or more parties are represented by the same real estate brokerage. The procedures involved with experimental research make it possible to isolate specific variables within virtually any topic. Experimental research offers the highest levels of control. In her successful 1970 congressional campaign, Bella Abzug (b) declared, This womans place is in the House the House of Representatives!. Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. Although the federal government of the United States is said to strive to construct a homogeneous nation when it comes to equal rights and opportunities for its citizens in different states and cities, there have been numerous historical occurrences that demonstrate opposing aims. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. What is a Descriptive Representative? Swain, C. M. (1993). In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? Princeton: Princeton University Press. As graphical representations are exhibited through numerical figures, tables, or graphs, it usually involves fewer errors and mistakes. Classic descriptive statistics include mean, min, max, standard deviation, median, skew, kurtosis. Various reasons clarify why this is. Something about the areas needed to clarify the distinctions. Bigger or more populous countries, especially those that have many provinces or states and a diverse society need people to be represented adequately at all levels of governance. Your email address will not be published. The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? A contingent yes. London: Routledge. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. It is also known as the linear sequential model. 5 No. Gives others the ability to learn and develop new skills 3. Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Defending equality of outcome. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. 1. In todays world, these injustices still remain an issue and arguably have become worst. Women in parliaments: Descriptive and substantive representation. Accountability and political representation of national minorities: a forgotten link? View your signed in personal account and access account management features. When it comes to confidentiality, some respondents won't give answers to questionnaires and interviews. Even though the movie broke some barriers, Disney and other film companies still have more progress to make to adequately represent their viewers. 2. This is the conceptual view of the end product, whatever the owner can think about relative to its use. 2. Descriptive statistics for the importance of the pros and cons, knowledge, and the percent of time participants used KICs. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. Though as they showed that areas with high crime rates were high regardless of ethnic group. Congress is also overwhelmingly Christian. Grofman, B. A complete Idea: Such representation creates a clear and complete idea in the mind of the audience. Pennock, J. R. (1979). Pitkin, H. F. (1972). (1982). In addition, the attempts to form race-based alliances have had very little success amongst minority groups as racial similarities are not significant enough to unify different minority groups. The representation of women in Australia: Meaning and make-believe. By making the decision-making process more . The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation: Womens Quotas, Variations in State Feminism and the Fact of Reasonable Pluralism. In the face of the modern impatience with pages (or even paragraphs) of descriptive narrative, its easy for writers to overreact and decide to avoid description altogether. Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. New York: Palgrave. Descriptive Representation : Brief Description. Unless specified, this website is not in any way affiliated with any of the institutions featured. Descriptive studies include case reports, case-series, qualitative studies and surveys (cross-sectional) studies, which measure the frequency of several factors, and hence the size of the problem. Political Therorists, Parliamentarians and the Meaning of Unequal Representation. However, what good representation should be is debated. Why democracy? It is the land of oppression to progression, yet we still wear our scars and our heads up high. . In summary, we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. It helps by saving time and money while collecting data. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. Descriptive statistics describe a sample. Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative Relatable. There are a few different ways to look at this by taking a look at different minority groups and examining their struggles. Equality of opportunity. The mission of the fellowship is to support and advance academic and practitioner-scholars in their gender-related research. There are many time restrictions that are placed on research methods. Fraser, N. (2003). While women in many western states could vote sooner, all women were not able to exercise their right to vote nationwide until passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, and they began to make up more than 5 percent of either chamber only in the 1990s. https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/, CC BY. Holst, C. (2014). Saskatchewan Schools; Research Methods in Psychology; Dr. Mark Burgess and Dr. Stephen Kemp. 10 Anson Road,#11-20, International Plaza, Singapore-079903. Undocumented Youth and Collective Representation in the U.S. Congress, Good Practices of Indigenous Political Participation: Maori Participation in New Zealand Elective Bodies, Race, Bureaucracy, and Symbolic Representation: Interactions Between Citizens and Police, Conditioning Descriptive Representation: Institutional Moderation of Unique Group Perspectives in Legislative Debates, Political Participation of Australian Muslims, Minority Representation, Empowerment, and Participation, Morals or money? Cornell, D. (1995). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Nimantran Patra In Marathi For Birthday, Gender representation and quotas. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. The Pros And Cons Of Labor. Phillips, A. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. (1998). One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. thanked the writer. Required fields are marked *. The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. Inclusion and democracy. Women, policy and politics: The construction of policy problems. They chant Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and harmoniously sing patriotic songs such as The Star Spangled Banner while being utterly oblivious of Americas corrupt political system. Because of such instances, today, many political representatives attempt to practice descriptive representation which promotes racial unity. 1. From Your Site Articles Because Of Modern Feminism Disney Princess Gender Roles Are . Race itself was never something I viewed another, in the way women are portrayed in modern culture and society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. See below. The second pro argument says that descriptive representation contributes exactly on this point, as far as social and cultural research show not only that people with significant descriptive characteristics may have overlapping experiences and interests shaping political preferences, but also that they communicate better among themselvesthe communication It makes things easier for extreme parties to gain representation. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. These questions are all the more important given that Latinos are the single largest minority group in the country and growing at exponential rates. "Share icon", Quan Do, The Noun Project. Young, I. M. (2000). Democratic legitimacy. Toggle navigation. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. In the most comprehensive treatment on this subject to date, this article demonstrates that states with higher turnover rates and citizen legislatures are more conducive to the election of Latinos and demonstrates the institutional and demographic differences among several states affecting Latino descriptive representation. Affordable. The institutional basis of democratic accountability. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. The family has visited numerous places throughout the United States, however, none are as memorable as Atlanta, Georgia. PROS Better understanding Easy sharing of information Accurate analysis Sales analysis Finding relations between events Modification of data Exploring opportunities and trends Geographical visualization CONS It gives estimation not accuracy Biased Lack of assistance Improper design issue Wrong focused people can skip core messages Ironic to think that is how one is taught to act but stereotypes are now bigger than ever right? Conservatives and right-wing liberals have traditionally opposed it, while left-wing political parties and social movements often regard quotas for marginalized groups as decisive progressive measures in struggles for democracy and justice. Growing up in America, children are taught by their grade school teachers to be proud of being American. These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. Rallies and protests have emerged from incidents that dealt with racial profiling. For example, if you are a representative for an ad agency, you may conduct research to find out consumer opinion on a certain product. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Advantage. For example, you work for a television station and want to understand your viewers better. Vibert, F. (2007). Cons. Martin-Woolman Ltd. Home; History; Services. Waterfall model is the very first model that is used in SDLC. We're sorry, but in order to log in and use all the features of this website, you will need to enable JavaScript in your browser. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. The Case of Rwanda, Worlds Apart? Theory Given that the case study focuses on an Australian MEM representative, I will use the definition of 'ethnic' by Gianni Zappala. There isnt enough research on the subject, with our world Under PR fewer votes are wasted as more peoples preferences are taken into account. Though studies argue it influences how communities are represented through constituency service, they are limited since legislators' service activities are unobserved. How Gender Composition and Decision Rules Affect Deliberation Tali Mendelberg Princeton University Christopher F. Karpowitz Brigham Young University Nicholas Goedert Washington University in St. Louis Does low descriptive representation inhibit substantive representation for women in deliberating groups? It is always recommended to visit an institution's official website for more information. Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . Palgrave Macmillan, London. 2. Like Mink, many other women sought and won political office, many with the help of the NWPC. Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents.
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