Now that Barack Obama's nuclear-security summit has concluded, the world is taking a fresh look at the U.S. president's foreign policy. sweet things to write in a baby book. President Eisenhower was the president of the U.S from 1953-1961. The British, especially, considered the canal a vital waterway, a lifeline to their colonies in Asia. The successor of Eisenhower was Kennedy (1961-1963) who is known for establishing peach corps, Nuclear Test Ban treaty and the space race. An illustration of a magnifying glass. Kennedy and Johnson started and expanded the war in Vietnam, making it the dominant issue of foreign policy. Eisenhower said of Kennedy that "he had no idea of the complexity of the job at that time," but . Pe rated it liked it Apr 22, 2018. The voters who heard the debate, viewed a lot on . By continuing, you are agreeing to receive cookies. Kennedy and Brinkley The major initiative in the Lyndon Johnson presidency was the Vietnam War. Their foreign policies both included strong military support . The Eisenhower Doctrine, given in a message to Congress on January 5, 1957, was the foreign policy of US President Dwight D. Eisenhower. John F. Kennedy's domestic policy was the New Frontier. Nearly 50 years ago, the country weathered a historical presidential transition in turbulent times, as John F. Kennedy bested Richard Nixon in a close race to replace Eisenhower. The A to Z of the Eisenhower Era. Damaged by a surface-to-air missile, the U.S. plane crashed on May 1, 1960, during the Soviet celebration of May Day. Readers learn about the time, not by being pounded over the head with facts and figures, but . This summit produced no arms control agreement, but it did lead to good will and optimism known as "the spirit of Camp David." Presidents Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower shared many similarities yet still many differences when it came to Cold War foreign policies. He has been . Nasser bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia, and he sought economic aid from the United States to build the Aswan High Dam on the Nile. Roby C. Barrett (Author) Hardback $160.00 $144.00 Ebook (PDF) $144.00 $115.20. Truman: - Enter the war mostly in fear of communism spreding. A year later, the President authorized the Central Intelligence Agency to begin top-secret intelligence flights over the Soviet Union by using the brand-new high altitude U-2 reconnaissance planes. Background: Truman Doctrine, pronouncement by U.S. Pres. Nikita Khrushchev, who established himself as the main leader in the Kremlin in 1955, called his policy "peaceful coexistence," yet Eisenhower remained skeptical of Soviet rhetoric. The main elements of the New Look were: (1) maintaining the vitality of the U.S. economy while still building sufficient strength to prosecute the Cold War; (2) relying on nuclear weapons to deter Communist aggression or, if necessary, to fight a war; (3) using the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to carry out secret or covert actions against governments or leaders "directly or indirectly responsive to Soviet control"; and (4) strengthening allies and winning the friendship of nonaligned governments. Eisenhower was outraged. For months, an internal political struggle had made Lebanon unstable. Eisenhower and Kennedy. Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis is an example of military use (Kennedy 1). Printer Friendly. The British retaliated with economic pressure that created havoc with Iran's finances, but Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh refused to yield. JFK Presidential Library and Museum (2018). President Eisenhower, as a military general relied . President Eisenhower was the president of the U.S from 1953-1961. Administration officials had advocated the liberation of Soviet satellites, and propaganda agencies such as Radio Free Europe and the Voice of America had encouraged Eastern Europeans to resist. His liking for organization as well as staff work was largely sourced from his role a military commander. His Farewell Address summarized principles that had guided a lifetime of service to his country. In 1960 John F. Kennedy eked out a razor-thin electoral victory over former Vice-President Richard M. Nixon in a campaign in which Kennedy promised to lead America into a New Frontier. Eisenhower historians see Obama's second-term foreign policy priorities evolving into something similar to what the 34th president pursued -- from a contempt for prolonged foreign entanglements to . U.S. and PRC negotiators met in intermittent negotiations, but a second Taiwan Strait crisis occurred in 1958. The author highlights the . Be sure to discuss the popularity, domestic policies, foreign policies, and legacy of each president. This paper presents a comparison between President Eisenhower and President Kennedy's foreign affairs policies, specifically regarding the Cold War, by examining the presidents' interactions with four distinct Cold War regions. Harry Truman 1945-1953 and Lyndon B. Johnson 1963-68 are two of the most memorable presidents in American History. An increase in conventional U.S. military pressure during the spring of 1953 may have had a greater effect on the willingness of the Chinese and North Koreans to negotiate a settlement. Dwight D. Eisenhower tenure was from 1956 to 1961. The U.S also developed a global nuclear power which is the main theme that is shown in Dr . The paper gives an in-depth explanation of the similarities as well as the differences of the Truman and Eisenhower in the United States. The so-called "Eisenhower doctrine," in which the United States pledged economic and other aid to. The incident [] On this front, the key considerations of the said outlook were diverse. Analyzes how kennedy's speech was delivered at university of washington, in seattle, prior to cuban missile crisis of fall 1962. Harry S. Truman who preceded Dwight D. Eisenhower as president of the United States relied very heavily on politics to shape world interaction. A side theme is to assess presidential learning by seeing whet Kennedy learned from the lessons taught by Eisenhower. Eisenhower resented the Kennedy's wealth and all the political manipulation that . He asked Congress to find additional funds to support the nation's space program. Although the monetary support was later on graduated to military support, no full-scale deployment of troops in the region was authorized up until Kennedys death. Secrets of an Unlikely Pair. Key Points. Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy had similarities and differences about how the world should be shaped. See Answer. Korean War. eisenhower and the cold war 1954 1960 kennedy and liberalism 1960 1963 key people key terms further Nuclear weapons played a controversial role in some of Eisenhower's diplomatic initiatives, including the President's effort to end the Korean War. Both Eisenhower and Kennedy personally took the initiative to make their peace speeches happen because they saw that new developments had created a . It was a continuation of the U.S. policy of containment of or resistance to any extension of the Soviet sphere of influence. You need to know the influence of the media on public opinion concerning the presidential foreign policy actions of the Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon administrations. In a 2011 poll, 11 percent of Americans . 1. Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon oversaw the conflict, which ratcheted up in intensity as the years passed by. Perhaps, it is for this reason that most regard Eisenhower as a sympathizer to strongman and European rule. Harry Truman Dwight Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon Johnson Richard Nixon Years in office & elections won 1945-1953 (1948) 1953-1961 (1952, 1956) 1961-1963 I think the Cold War probably would have been better handled because LBJ was terrible with foreign policy. In 1904, Theodore Roosevelt made a significant amendment to the Monroe Doctrine. The "Spirit of Geneva" eased tensions between the Soviets and the United States, even though the conference failed to produce agreements on arms control or other major international issues. Upon assuming the reins of power, Kennedy appeared focused on seeing to it that foreign policy issues were coordinated by a new breed of NSC as well as White House staffers most of whom were not only young, but also energetic. The Kennedy staff was also predominantly . Paperdue.com uses cookies to offer you the best service. The New Look Policy in Southeast Asia. Eisenhower, however, decided not to take action to aid the Hungarian freedom fighters since any intervention carried the risk of starting a U.S.-Soviet war that could lead to a nuclear exchange. Eisenhower considered the possibility of military action; indeed, he seemed prepared to authorize it under the right circumstances. As the worlds superpower, the United States got involved in the Vietnam War but left the country with a mortifying conquest, appallingly high fatalities, the public in America cuttingly divided, and the leaders unsure of the way forward regarding foreign policy. LBJ and the Presidential Management of Foreign Relations. He was determined to make the Department of State a part of the NSC's structured system of integrated policy review, and the NSC enjoyed a renaissance during his . Hopes rose after Khrushchev visited the United States in September 1959 and met with Eisenhower at the presidential retreat in the Maryland mountains. On the strength alone of winning World War II and handling the delicate diplomacy of dealing with wartime US Allies, like Churchill, Stalin, de Gaulle and Chiang Kai-Shek Roosevelt is far away the . Dwight D. Eisenhower: Foreign Affairs | Miller Center They reaffirmed the U.S. Foreign policy against Russia and defended its positions in the world. Islamic Center of Cleveland is a non-profit organization. It should, however, be noted that owing to the fact that both presidents reigned during different time periods and under a diverse set of circumstances, a side by side comparison of their foreign policies is not possible. All though most of Kennedy's . (1992). Also . Last post. Towards this end, Kennedy not only placed special emphasis on Africa, but also expanded economic aid to third world countries. By Walt W. Rostow. The speech, his first big foreign policy address, was entitled . It should be noted that most of the closest advisors of Kennedy were of the opinion that in addition to being complacent, the foreign policy establishment of his predecessor was also suppressed, ineffective, and slow moving (Hook and Scott, 2011). My students frequently have difficulty distinguishing between the Truman and Eisenhower doctrines, and how those doctrines helped to shape American foreign policy during the Cold War. Topic locked. DWIGHT EISENHOWERS FOREIGN POLICY VS. JOHN F. KENNEDYS FOREIGN POLICY The view by some historians is that The Dwight Eisenhower foreign policy was popularly known as the "New Look". What they got instead, soon after John F. Kennedy became President, was the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961. Eisenhower's "Farewell Address" criticized the American establishment in a subtle and indirect way, all the while singing the praises of American ideals and rhapsodizing about the land of the free and the home of the brave. Truman Vs. Eisenhower: Cold War Foreign Policies. Dobbs, C.M. Like Kennedy, Eisenhower had a keen interest in foreign affairs. "Genocide Masquerading" uncovers the implications of US foreign policy on the rise and decline of apartheid, looking specifically at the 1960 Sharpeville Massacre and the 1976 Soweto Uprising. It is safe to say that with America's change in status, and in conjunction with profound industrial and . Eisenhower quickly condemned the attacks and used U.S. diplomatic and economic power to force all three nations to withdraw their troops. United States prestige in the Middle East rose. Foreign Policy towards the Soviet Union under Presidents Truman through to Nixon (1945-1974) was characterized by the "Cold War" -- a period of heightened tension between the two 'super powers' of the world. These events included mission creep in Vietnam, the launching in the U.S.S.R. of Sputnik, the Cuban revolution, and a perceived missile gap between the . On July 3, 1957, Kennedy publicly called for the United States to support Algerian independence and oppose the French war to keep it. Conclusion Kennedy and Dwight D. Eisenhower; telephone conversations between them and the files from Eisenhower's Papers as President relating to the transition of administrations. Beginning slowly in 1961, the NSC was transformed. The main elements of the New Look were: (1) maintaining the vitality of the U.S. economy while still building sufficient strength to prosecute the Cold War; (2) relying on nuclear weapons to deter Communist aggression or, if necessary, to fight a war; (3) using the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to carry out . The election of 1960 was one of the most bitterly divided elections in American history, rivaling the 2000 election between George W. Bush and Al Gore. Neither wanted Communism to spread further than Russia. Trade and Security: The United States and East Asia, 1961-1969. DO NOT USE THE TITLE OF THE EVENT as the title of your post! He is remembered for those decisions in spite of being wrong so many times. Though each president expressed doubts in private about . President Kennedy called NSC meetings for purposes of public relations. Containment is to keep things under control (Ayers 819). References In the aftermath of the Soviet invasion of Hungary, the administration toned down its rhetoric about liberation and instead emphasized hopes for gradualand peacefulprogress toward freedom. During the later years of Eisenhower's administration, certain events played a key role in ushering in the subsequent idealist, missionary foreign policies of Presidents Kennedy and Johnson. Thus, it is important to note that unlike Kennedy, Eisenhower sought to implement a heavily formalized machinery and before making decisions on the appropriate policies to be implemented, he was fond of consulting widely with some of his key advisors in this regard being inclusive of George Kistiakowsky (science advisor), Henry Cabot Lodge (UN Ambassador), and Lewis Strauss (Atomic Energy Commission Chairman). During the debate JFK looked considerably healthier and appealing to voters while Nixon looked exhausted, and this made a difference in the perspective of voters. The trip provided him with no clear solution for ending the war. The three nations did not consultor even informEisenhower before the Israelis launched the first attacks into the Sinai Peninsula on October 29, 1956. Posted on July 4, 2022 by . 342 pp, University of Texas Press, 1985. GRF Tyler was comparing Eisenhower and Kennedy Era which were two different approaches of handling the battle between the United States and Soviet Union during the cold war. U.S. Foreign Policy Today:American Renewal? Essay 1, Unit IV. JFK and Foreign Policy. New York, NY: Open Road Media. Former presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower (l.) and John F. Kennedy (r.) Due to his relative youth in the presidency (he is the youngest president ever elected), Kennedy . Wiki User. During his time there was also tension with communist states. OSS success with guerrilla warfare, sabotage, and intelligence gathering during World War II, coupled with early . Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, Scroll left to right to view a selection of exhibits, Notice of Non-Discrimination and Equal Opportunity. The intense rivalries in the Middle East brought Eisenhower into a confrontation with his most important allies, Britain and France. By 1968, the United States had 548,000 troops in Vietnam and had already lost 30,000 Americans there. Eisenhower privately deplored Jiangs stubbornness, but his own actions contributed to a crisis that seemed increasingly dangerous. On May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy in an address to Congress challenged the nation to "commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon.". In their view, as presently constituted and structured, the State Department was largely incapable of implementing and furthering their global vision. this book vividly highlights the fundamental similarities between the goals and application of foreign policy in the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations as well as the impact of British influence on the process . The military experience that President Dwight D. Eisenhower took to the White House was largely without precedent. Then in June 1961 at the Vienna Summit with . Please use the links below for donations: Terms in this set (5) Thesis. The New Look approach relied heavily on the capacity for a devastating assault with nuclear weapons the strategy of massive retaliationto fight Soviet military provocations, regardless of whether they involved nuclear weapons or not. "Eisenhower did balance three of the eight federal budgets while he was in the White House". With both presidents, the domino effect came into play. Kennedy's strategy was to paint the Republican administration in which Nixon served as timid, indecisive, and given to poor strategizing in terms of the Cold War. Eleanor Shakespeare illustrations for Foreign Policy. DWIGHT EISENHOWERS FOREIGN POLICY VS. JOHN F. KENNEDYS FOREIGN POLICY The view by some historians is that The Dwight Eisenhower foreign policy was popularly known as the "New Look". Copyright 2023 . My students frequently have difficulty distinguishing between the Truman and Eisenhower doctrines, and how those doctrines helped to shape American foreign policy during the Cold War. The times made. Moreover, Kennedy's policieshis "tax cuts, his domestic spending restraint, his pro growth economic policy, his emphasis on free trade and a strong dollar, and his foreign policy driven . US strategy in the nuclear age: foreign policy, deterrence, defense, and dollars. Simon & Schuster. In November 1956, Soviet tanks ruthlessly suppressed Hungary's efforts to follow an independent course free from Soviet domination. Indeed, in the words of Rakove (2013), in the eyes of Kennedy and his advisors, Eisenhower had failed to meet a growing Soviet political offensive in Africa and Asia (11). Mayday:Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair. Determine the underlying factors promoting both social and economic growth for the American family in the 1950's, while also simultaneously dealing with growing fear . Each of these domestic polices specifically differ in their main objective. highlighting the fundamental similarities between the . Kennedy used flexible response in the war instead of containment. "Kennedy Vs Eisenhower Foreign Policy" (2019, April 16) Retrieved March 4, 2023, from https://www.paperdue.com/essay/kennedy-vs-eisenhower-foreign-policy-research-paper-2173720, "Kennedy Vs Eisenhower Foreign Policy" 16 April 2019. Congressional leaders, however, would not provide their support unless any U.S. military action was part of a multilateral effort. DOC Comparing Domestic & Foreign Policy in the 1940s, 1950s Korean War. Johnson's approval ratings had dropped from 70 percent in mid-1965 to below 40 percent by 1967, and with it, his mastery of Congress. This lesson will be a culminating activity in the early Cold War unit and will establish the foundation for our discussions of U.S. foreign policy during the . It is important to analyze both similarities and the differences between the two terms of presidencies because it expands the knowledge of understanding the role they played in the economy. Kaufman, B.I. Both presidents fought against Communism, in his own way. -Encyclopedia Britannica. . While most believe that there was some degree of rigidity in Eisenhowers foreign policy as a consequence of the heavily formal machinery in place, the fact that he relied on the counsel of an expanded team of advisors means that the seemingly rigid organizational structure on this front was not as it appeared. To protect Lebanon from a similar threatone more imagined than realEisenhower sent in the Marines. I was just starting out at the National Security Archive, an organization Scott had taken the lead in founding, and then becoming its first director. A self-styled moderate conservative, Eisenhower provided an effective hard-edged moderation. First, Kennedy gave the green light to an Eisenhower-initiated invasion of the Bay of Pigs in Cuba in 1961. When these negotiations stalled, Joe Kennedy, Jr. had been killed in the European arena of World War II and so the political ambitions of the family got placed on the shoulders of John. He tried to combat communism from being accepted in third world countries through peaceful ways. Indeed, Truman was the initiator of the "containment" policy, applied during the entire Cold War. The number of American advisers was scaled gradually but it still fell short of a full-scale deployment of troops in the region. A side theme is to assess presidential learning by seeing whet Kennedy learned from the lessons taught by Eisenhower. Dwight Eisenhower, The Warrior, & John Kennedy, The Cold Warrior: Foreign Policy Under Two Presidents Abstract This paper presents a comparison between President Eisenhower and President Kennedy's foreign affairs policies, specifically regarding the Cold War, by examining the presidents' interactions with four distinct Cold War regions. A year later, the CIA helped overthrow the elected government of Guatemala. With a dramatic backdrop of revolutionary Arab nationalism, Zionism, indigenous communism, teetering colonial empires, unstable . Similarities. Under President John Kennedy, the United States became increasingly engaged in global affairs, particularly in the Vietnam War. Truman believes in the Policy of Containment. The more Johnson committed, the more unclear the situation became . Kopelson is a physician, not an academically trained historian. 2 the cold war crash course flashcards quizlet web the cold war was between what two countries destroy democracy and capitalism the us feared that the ussr wanted to . Yet Eisenhower knew that real security meant preserving fundamental values. The White House was therefore reorganized to resemble a military table of . For example, in 1953, his government backed the overthrow of the moderate reformist leader Mohmmad Mossadegh in Iran, simply because he advocated for Iran to control its own oil industry, and replaced with the brutal, repressive Shah, whose fall in 1979 led to the rise of a theocratic Shiite state under the Ayotallah. Some had to be right. It also found, however, the existence of important dif-ferences between Kennedy's belief system and those of the other presidents (President Kennedy): Right. They have arranged, as you asked, for him to stay on in your office for a period ending sometime in February or March, the exact date to be determined later. Guatemala was the base for another covert action that the Eisenhower administration planned but did not carry out before leaving office. Similarly, the Eisenhower doctrine "was a continuation of the U.S. policy of containment of or resistance to any extension of the Soviet sphere of influence" ("Eisenhower Doctrine," Britannica). 4. Kennedy's Foreign Policy. This policy aimed to maintain the American financial economy while Eisenhower was planning the Cold war and continue the containment of communism regime. Lyndon B. Johnson: Foreign Affairs. As the meeting with Khrushchev approached, Eisenhower authorized another U-2 flight over Soviet territory. Purchase. Ohio University, Copyright 2023. Registrar Of Voters Bossier Parish, Already tired of the Egyptian leader's playing off of "East against West by blackmailing both," the Eisenhower administration halted the negotiations over aid. 9 Stanley L. Falk, "The National Security Council Under Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy," Political Science Quarterly 79 (1964): 403-34. Containment is to keep things under control (Ayers 819). Discussion Evolution of U.S. Foreign Policy under Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon towards the Soviet Union Foreign Policy towards the Soviet Union under Presidents Truman through to Nixon (1945-1974) was characterized by the "Cold War" -- a period of heightened tension between the two 'super powers' of the world. Before watching the comedy movie Dr. Strangelove, we had a small discussion about the foreign policy in the United States during the cold war. The infrastructure assistance provides the roadways so that the agricultural products can be transported into needed areas and crops can be transported out for sale and for export. Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947, declaring immediate economic and military aid to the governments of Greece, threatened by Communist insurrection, and Turkey, under pressure from Soviet expansion in the Mediterranean area. Introduction U.S. diplomats probably made a more important contribution by participating in negotiations that allowed the Lebanese factions to solve their political conflicts. Eisenhower considered the creation of South Vietnam a significant Cold War success, yet his decision to commit U.S. prestige and power in South Vietnam created long-term dangers that his successors would have to confront. He thought the attacks would only strengthen Nasser, allowing the Egyptian leader to become the champion of the Arab world as he opposed the aggressors. Keywords Eisenhower, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Kennedy, John F. Kennedy, Foreign Affairs, Policy, Foreign Policy, Cold . a woman of the streets and whether her dress was new, or just the old one patched, there was the same whore underneath." During his first year in office, Eisenhower authorized the CIA to deal with a problem in Iran that had begun during Truman's presidency. Kennedys approach was in sharp contrast. The domestic policies of Kennedy and Johnson had large affect on the nation. The French asked for more than weapons: they talked about a U.S. air strike, even with tactical nuclear weapons, to save their troops. I would have certainly taken issue with Eisenhowers foreign policy, and his myopic decisions to overthrow any regime which wasnt immediately conducive to the interests of the United States, even if this was in the name of communism. Nixon, on the other hand . Start your review of The Greater Middle East and the Cold War: US Foreign Policy Under Eisenhower and Kennedy. The origins of the Suez crisis of 1956 lay in the difficulties of the western powers in dealing with Gamal Abdel Nasser, the nationalist President of Egypt who followed an independent and provocative course in his dealings with major powers. Roby C Barrett casts fresh light on US foreign policy under Eisenhower and Kennedy, illuminating the struggles of two American administrations to deal with massive social, economic, and political change in an area sharply divided by regional and Cold War rivalries. What are the most striking differences? In Eisenhower Farewell Address to the nation, Eisenhower is talking about how the U.S. can use its power, wealth, and military strength for peace and human development keeping its liberty, dignity, and integrity by beating the Soviet . Kennedy met Eisenhower at the White House after he was elected and Eisenhower was still in office. Korea remained divided along the 38th parallel, roughly the same boundary as when the war began in 1950. compared with 61 percent for Ronald Reagan and 49 percent for Dwight Eisenhower. Eisenhower and Khrushchev agreed to meet again, along with the leaders of France and Britain, in Paris in May 1960. How would you compare the . Khrushchev tried to exploit the U-2 incident for maximum propaganda value and demanded an apology from the President when they met in Paris. the Cold War) to take keen interests in third world concerns. Kennedy and President Eisenhower approached foreign policy in ways that were both different and similar in some aspects. By comparing Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Ford, and Carter foreign policy responses, this thesis creates a comparative analysis of how effective, or Note the similarities and differences between Nixon's Vietnam policy and that of . The Truman doctrine gained the public and congressional support to provide $400 million to aid Greece and Turkey. & Scott, J.M. Truman Doctrine was hand-on and aggressive while Eisenhower's foreign policies were more peace seeking. President Dwight D. Eisenhower entered office at a peak period of Cold War tension between the United States and nations in Southeast Asia. A footnote in a book about Ronald Reagan led Gene Kopelson to drop by the Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas, in the fall of 2012. Answer (1 of 5): Dwight D. Eisenhower considered John F. Kennedy too young and inexperienced to be a serious presidential candidate, referring to him as "the boy" and "young whippersnapper." (Hey, it was the 1950s.) The 34th president . Possibly a Rockefeller v Kennedy election in 68. concludes that even though Kennedy and Eisenhower were of different political affiliations, both followed the same foreign policy pattern in the case of Cuba and the Dominican Republic, but on the other hand, in the case of Latin America their policies differed in a conduct of military and economic aid. (Eds.). these similarities and others suggest that the Bay of Pigs What is the difference between Eisenhower's Foreign Policy and Truman's containment policy? President Eisenhower was the president of the U.S from 1953-1961. RN and LBJAn Overlooked Relationship. He was also supporting countries in Middle East and Latin America that stood against communism. With a dramatic backdrop of revolutionary Arab nationalism, Zionism, indigenous communism, teetering colonial empires, unstable . Also . Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol44no5/html/v44i5a03p.htm President John Fitzgerald Kennedy is an important figure in American history and was instrumental in shaping the American identity in the second half of the twentieth century.
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